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Welcome back.

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This lecture is dedicated towards learning all about the table data type.

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Tables are super powerful and awesome because you can do so much with them.

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You can store a bunch of information in an organized manner.

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You can access information in an organized manner.

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You can assign data a key so you can reference it instantly, just like we do for variables and much

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more.

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However, before we start learning how to use tables, we first have to understand what exactly a table

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is.

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A table in Lua is a container of values in your code, just as the scripts in our game are containers

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for Lua code.

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A table is a container that holds values of many different data types.

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Tables are important because they allow us to organize and structure our data in a way that can be iterated

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over.

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What do I mean by iterate?

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Well, iteration is the repetitive execution of the same code over and over.

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If our tables did not store data in a predictable and organized manner, we would be unable to use the

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same code over and over again to iterate or look through all the data inside of the table.

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This is why tables are such a big deal.

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They provide us a tool to meaningfully organize our data.

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So let's go ahead and get started creating some tables.

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What I'm going to do is I'm going to create a variable here.

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I'm just going to call this example table.

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And then to create a table.

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As you remember earlier we use curly brackets.

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So I'm going to put my first one here.

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And then the second one automatically gets filled in for me already.

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And now we have an empty table or an empty container.

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There's no values stored inside of our table here.

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However, I can start filling it up with some values.

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For example, I can put the number ten here, and then to designate another value I'm going to put a

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comma, and then I can pass something like 35.

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If I want to store another value again we'll put another comma and we could do two.

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We could do something like 187 or a -33.

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And now here we have a table with five different values stored inside of it.

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This table right here is known as an array.

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Now an array is a data structure where values are stored chronologically.

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This means that the first value stored in the table will always be the first, and the last value stored

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inside of the table will always be the last.

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Each one of these values are assigned something called an index.

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As you remember in a string, each of the characters had a different index.

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Well, in tables it works the same way.

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Our first value has the index of one, our second value has the index of two, three, and so on.

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Through all the values in our table.

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This means we can access a specific value in this table by using the index.

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So what I'm going to do is I'm going to use my print function.

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And what we're going to do is we're going to pass the example table.

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And then to index this table we put a bracket.

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And then we can pass the index or the number.

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In this case we can pass one here.

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And this means I'm going to be grabbing the value that is stored at the first index inside of our table

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or our array.

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In this case that would be the value of ten.

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What I can also do is I can grab the last value inside of this table as well.

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And if you do not know the length of your table, we can get the length easily by again using that hashtag

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operator.

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This also works for tables.

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And then we can pass example table.

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And this will return a number that represents the length or how many values are stored inside of this

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array.

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So we have 12345 values.

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And that means this will return the number five.

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So if we go ahead and go to our test tab and hit run.

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As you can see, the first value we get at the first index is ten, and then the value at the last index,

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which was five, is -33.

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Just like that, we have access or index values inside of our table.

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Now indexing a table is great and all, but how can we insert and remove elements from our table during

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the runtime of our script, or during the execution of our game?

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Well, this is where the table library comes into play.

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That's right.

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We have another library inside of the Lua programming language to access the table library.

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It's easy.

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All we need to do is type out table and then we can index it.

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And here we have a bunch of different functions for manipulating tables.

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As you can see we can insert values into a table.

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And we can also remove values from table.

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We can clone tables.

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We can clear or remove all of the data inside of a table, and a whole bunch of other neat stuff.

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If you're more curious about all the functions available in the table library, there are plenty of

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articles and documentation detailing the functionality of each one.

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I'll leave a resource in this lecture detailing the other functions available in the table library.

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The first function I would like to demonstrate is going to be the insert function or inserting a new

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value inside of the table.

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As you can see, this function needs to be passed a table and then a value to be inserted into that

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table.

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So what I'm going to do is I'm going to create a variable.

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I'm going to call it new num.

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And we can store a number like 20.

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And then what I want to do is I want to pass my example table.

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And I would like to insert this value of 20 inside of our table.

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And what this is going to do is it's going to insert this value at the very last index.

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Right.

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Because whatever is first is first, and whatever is last is last.

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And when we insert objects into our array, it's going to insert them chronologically.

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It's not going to shove this number randomly between these other values.

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Nope.

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It's always going to go at the very end because that's how an array works.

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So now that means we can print out the entirety of our table, and we should be able to see this new

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value of 20 at the end of our table.

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So if we hit run here.

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Here's our table.

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We can hit this arrow to fully see all the values inside of it.

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And as you can see, the value of 20 is now stored at the sixth index in our table.

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Here we have ten at the first 35 at the second, two at the third one, 87 at the fourth, and then

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-33 at the fifth.

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We can also remove a value out of our table using the table remove function, and this function needs

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to be passed a table, and then it needs to be passed a number which represents the index where we would

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like a value to be removed.

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So for example, if I wanted to remove the first value inside of the table, I would pass my table.

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And then I would pass one to denote that I would like to remove the value at the first index.

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So that means our value of ten is going to be removed out of our table.

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And if we go ahead and print example table back into the console, as you can see when we hit run.

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And we go ahead and open this up.

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Our ten is no longer there.

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Previously, as you can see up here, the number ten was there, but now the number ten has disappeared.

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Now, something important to note is that we do not need to store the return value from these different

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functions back inside of our example table variable.

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When we pass our table to these different functions, what's happening is we're actually passing a reference

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to the table rather than a clone or copy of this table.

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This means when this function performs some manipulation on the table, it's automatically applied to

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the original values stored inside of our variable.

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This means we do not have to do something like example table is equal to the return value.

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This is the exact same thing as just doing this because it's automatically applied to our table.

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If you do not wish to have it automatically applied to the table, this is where you would have to create

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a clone of the table.

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And that's where we would use the table clone function.

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But before we get to that, another thing I would like to demonstrate is the table find function.

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So for example here let's say I have a table that's super big and I know I have a value in there somewhere

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I would like to remove, but I don't know what index or what position inside of my table that value

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is at.

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Well, what we could do is we could use the table dot find function.

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And what this function does is it returns the value or the index of where that value is stored.

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So I'm going to create a variable here I'm going to call it index.

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And it's going to be equal to table dot find.

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And I'm going to pass my example table.

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And then I need to pass the value that I would like to find inside of our table.

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And this instance it's considering our table the haystack.

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And then it considers the value of the needle.

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So we're finding the needle inside of the haystack or our table.

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In this case maybe I want to remove the 20 we just inserted inside of our table.

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So I can pass 20 here.

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And then if it finds the value of 20 inside of our table, then it's going to return the index that

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it's stored at.

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This means I can use my table dot remove function, and then pass the index here to remove the value

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of 20 out of our table.

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So if we go ahead and hit run again.

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And our first table we see 20 is inside of our table.

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And then when it gets printed again, as you can see, 20 is no longer inside of our table.

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It has been removed.

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Before we move on.

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I'm also going to demonstrate the tablecloth function.

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So what I'm going to do is I'm going to create another variable.

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I'm going to call this variable clone.

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And it's going to be equal to table dot clone.

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And all we need to pass to this is the table itself.

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So we'll pass example table.

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And now inside of this variable we have stored a copy or a new table that is a direct clone of this

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table right here.

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So what's stored in this variable is completely different to what's stored inside of this variable.

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They are not the same.

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This means if I were to use something like the table dot clear function to remove all of the data inside

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of our table, and I pass clone here, what's going to happen is clone is going to be completely empty.

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If I print clone into the console, we're just going to get an empty table.

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However, if I print out our example table, this table here should still be filled with all of the

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values that we've originally placed inside of it.

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So if we hit run.

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Here we get our empty table.

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We removed all the values inside of it, but as you can see, our original table has remained unaffected,

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right?

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This is because we've created a clone of our original table and cleared all the values inside of it,

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but our original table remains unaffected.

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So you always need to use the table dot clone function when you want a clone of the table and manipulate

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only that particular clone.

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If I had a variable here and I instead I just stored the value that's inside of example table.

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This variable and this variable here are both referencing the exact same value.

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That means even though I use table dot clear on this variable, it's going to affect both of these variables

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because both variables are referring to the exact same table.

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So if I hit run.

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As you can see now I get two tables printed that are completely empty.

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It's because we did not clone the table right here.

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Instead, we've just referenced the exact same value and doing table dot clear on this variable did

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the exact same thing to this variable here because again they're referencing the same table.

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So that's a very important to understand and note.

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Use the table dot clone function when you absolutely need to clone an effect a copy of a table.

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All right.

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Very important.

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Now before we end this lecture I want to talk about the difference between dictionaries and arrays.

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Now we know a table is a data type that can encompass multiple different forms of storing data.

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The tables that we were messing with here earlier we know were arrays, right.

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However, there is another data type that we can create called a dictionary.

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And a dictionary is where you can assign a key to a value inside of your table.

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Basically, you're like creating a variable inside of the table, and you can reference that variable

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directly to instantly grab that value instead of having to mess with different numbers and stuff as

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the index.

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However, a big difference between dictionaries and arrays is that dictionaries are not ordered or organized.

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This means that order is not maintained.

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So if you were to ever iterate through a dictionary, which we're going to do later in the course,

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the first element is not guaranteed to actually be the first value stored inside of the table.

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So to create a dictionary, we do the exact same thing.

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We just put two curly brackets.

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I'm going to store this inside of a variable.

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I'm going to call it dictionary example.

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And what I can do here is I can define a key and a value to be stored with that key.

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It's called a key value pair.

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It's just as the name suggests you have a key.

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You got a value.

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And they're a pair together.

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Right.

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Very simple.

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So as an example here I'm going to create a key.

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And I'm just going to call this key one.

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And at key one I would like to store maybe the value of hello right a string.

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So here we have our key.

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And we have a value.

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And they are a pair together.

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If I would like to store another key value pair inside of our dictionary, we just put a comma to denote

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to the interpreter.

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Hey we would like to create another key value pair.

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So I'm just going to copy this here.

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And this time I'm going to call this key two.

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And maybe inside of key two I would like to store the Word of World.

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So now here we have our dictionary.

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We have key one which stores hello.

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And then we have key two which stores world.

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And that means we can directly access these different values by using their keys.

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So what we can do is we can reference our dictionary example variable.

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And then to access these keys we can directly index the table by using the dot operator.

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And here you can see our two keys.

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We have key one and key two.

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So if I did that this means I'm accessing the value stored in key one which is hello.

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Or if I did key two I am now accessing the value in key two which is world.

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And we can also do the exact same thing by using a string.

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And here we are.

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We have key one and key two because these different keys are automatically stored as strings.

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So if I print this out into the console we should get hello printed right here.

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And if I do print again and then refer to dictionary example and I index it and get key number two,

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we should get world printed out in the console right here as well.

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So let's go ahead and hit run.

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And there we go.

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We get hello, which is stored in that first key.

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And then we have world stored in that second key.

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Perfect.

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If I would like to insert or remove values out of our dictionary, it's much easier to do.

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We don't have to use the insert or remove function instead.

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What I could do is get my dictionary example.

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I can access, for example, key one and I can overwrite the value inside of there using the assignment

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operator.

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And maybe I want to replace the word with like howdy right.

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So now key one the value inside of there has been overridden with this new string.

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And that means if I print out dictionary example dot key one we should get howdy printed here instead.

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So if we hit run.

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There we go.

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We get Hello world and then.

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Howdy.

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Right.

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We've replaced the string of hello with the string of.

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Howdy.

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If I would like to remove a value out of my dictionary, then what I would do.

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Is referred to dictionary example.

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Again, get key one.

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And inside of here maybe I want to completely remove it.

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So I just set the value stored inside of there to nil.

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And this is how we remove key value pairs within our dictionaries.

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So now if I go and print out the entirety of my dictionary example, we should only have key two left

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inside of the table.

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So if I hit run.

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Here we go.

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We get Hello World.

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We replaced it with howdy.

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And then here is our table.

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And as you can see, only key two remains because key one was assigned the value of nil, which automatically

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removes it from our dictionary.

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All righty.

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This was a lot of information to digest, but I would like for you to let this information marinate

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in your brain for a little bit.

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Tables are the most powerful tool you have in Lua, and you will be using tables a lot in your scripts,

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so it's crucial you understand how to create and manipulate tables.

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Keep up the good work and I will see you in the next lecture.